Maria Camila Viteri Noguera

Jessica Tatiana Guerrero Andrade

PROFESORES:

Diego Gustin

Liliana Villareal

CURSO: 11-2

LICEO DE LA MERCED MARIDIAZ

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In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or pronoun's referent. Some examples can be seen in the box to the right. Collectively, adjectives form one of the traditional eight parts of speech, though linguists today distinguish adjectives from words such as determiners that also used to be considered adjectives.
Not all languages have adjectives, but most, including English, do. (English adjectives include big, old, and tired, among many others.) Those that do not typically use words of another part of speech, often verbs, to serve the same semantic function; for example, such a language might have a verb that means "to be big", and would use a construction analogous to "big-being house" to express what English expresses as "big house". Even in languages that do have adjectives, one language's adjective might not be another's; for example, while English uses "to be hungry" (hungry being an adjective), French uses "avoir faim" (literally "to have hunger"), and where Hebrew uses the adjective
• Los adjetivos en inglés tienen un única forma, por lo que no varían ni en función del género, ni del número (singular o plural) del sustantivo al que acompañan:

|| The happy boy || El niño feliz ||
|| The happy girl || La niña feliz ||
|| The happy boys || Los niños felices ||
|| The happy girls || Las niñas felices ||

• En inglés se pueden utilizar el gerundio (present participle) y el participio (past participle) con función de adjetivo:

|| An amusing book || Un libro divertido ||
|| An amused boy || Un niño que se ha divertido ||
|| An interesting film || Una película interesante ||
|| An interested student || un niño que está interesado ||

• La diferencia entre el gerundio y el participio está en que el primero tiene un sentido activo (es el causante del efecto), mientras que el segundo tiene un sentido pasivo (es el receptor del efecto):

|| "An amusing boy" || Define a un niño divertido, a un chaval con gracia. ||
|| "An amused boy" || Se refiere a un niño que se ha divertido (ha ido al cine y se lo ha pasado en grande). ||

• El adjetivo en inglés se sitúa delante del sustantivo:

|| A big car || Un coche grande ||
|| An old person || Una persona mayor ||

• Pero en las frases atributivas se coloca detrás del verbo:

|| The car is big. || El coche es grande ||
|| The person is old. || La persona es mayor ||

• Cuando varios adjetivos acompañan a un mismo sustantivo, estos adjetivos se colocan siguiendo un orden determinado, que suele ser:

|| 1.- Tamaño || Big, smal.... ||
|| 2.- Características generales || Interesting, Spanish, beatiful.... ||
|| 3.- Edad || Old, young.... ||
|| 4.- Forma || Round, narrow, broad.... ||
|| 5.- Color || Red, blue.... ||
|| 6.- Material || Plastic, golden, silver.... ||
|| 7.- Procedencia || Spanish, Swiss.... ||

• Algunos ejemplos:

|| A big Spanish car || Un coche español grande ||
|| A young pretty woman || Una joven mujer guapa ||
|| An old, red, plastic table || Una vieja mesa roja de plástico ||

• Como ya mencionábamos en la lección dedicada a los sustantivos, en inglés a veces se utilizan adjetivos con función de sustantivos, normalmente haciendo referencia a colectivos:

|| The rich || Los ricos ||
|| The poor || Los pobres ||
|| The Spanish || Los españoles ||

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Adjetivos o determinantes calificativos (Qualifying adjectives or determinors)
Son palabras que acompañan al nombre para calificarlo de alguna manera. En inglés, los adjetivos van delante del nombre al que acompañan. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos de adjetivos calificativos:
Mary is a good girl (=Mary es una buena chica).
A dog is a lovely animal (=Un perro es un animal encantador).

Otros ejemplos de adjetivos calificativos son: big (grande), small (pequeño/a para cosas), little (pequeño/a para personas), handsome (atractivo/a), beautiful (guapo para personas, bonito para cosas), ugly (feo/a), nice (mono/a), clever (listo/a), silly (tonto/a), etc. Los adjetivos calificativos tienen la misma forma para el género singular que para el plural.

Adjetivos o determinantes demostrativos (Demostrative adjectives or determinors)
Estos adjetivos acompañan al hombre e indican la proximidad que hay entre la persona que está hablando y el nombre al que acompañan.

Los determinantes demostrativos son estos.
Masculino y femenino singular: This (=este/a)
Masculino y femenino plural: These(=estos/as).

Ej: This pencil is grey (=Este lápiz es gris).
This girl is tall (=Esta chica es alta).
These pencils are grey (=Estos lápices son grises).
These girls are tall (=Estas chicas son altas).

The demonstrative adjectives "this," "these," "that," "those," and "what" are identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but are used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrases, as in the following sentences:
When the librarian tripped over that cord, she dropped a pile of books.
In this sentence, the demonstrative adjective "that" modifies the noun "cord" and the noun phrase "that cord" is the object of the preposition "over."
This apartment needs to be fumigated.
Here "this" modifies "apartment" and the noun phrase "this apartment" is the subject of the sentence.
Even though my friend preferred those plates, I bought these.
In the subordinate clause, "those" modifies "plates" and the noun phrase "those plates" is the object of the verb "preferred." In the independent clause, "these" is the direct object of the verb "bought."
Note that the relationship between a demonstrative adjective and a demonstrative pronoun is similar to the relationship between a possessive adjective and a possessive pronoun, or to that between a interrogative adjective and an interrogative pronoun.

Possessive Adjectives
A possessive adjective ("my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their") is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase, as in the following sentences:
I can't complete my assignment because I don't have the textbook.
In this sentence, the possessive adjective "my" modifies "assignment" and the noun phrase "my assignment" functions as an object. Note that the possessive pronoun form "mine" is not used to modify a noun or noun phrase.
What is your phone number.
Here the possessive adjective "your" is used to modify the noun phrase "phone number"; the entire noun phrase "your phone number" is a subject complement. Note that the possessive pronoun form "yours" is not used to modify a noun or a noun phrase.
The bakery sold his favourite type of bread.
In this example, the possessive adjective "his" modifies the noun phrase "favourite type of bread" and the entire noun phrase "his favourite type of bread" is the direct object of the verb "sold."
After many years, she returned to her homeland.
Here the possessive adjective "her" modifies the noun "homeland" and the noun phrase "her homeland" is the object of the preposition "to." Note also that the form "hers" is not used to modify nouns or noun phrases.
We have lost our way in this wood.
In this sentence, the possessive adjective "our" modifies "way" and the noun phrase "our way" is the direct object of the compound verb "have lost". Note that the possessive pronoun form "ours" is not used to modify nouns or noun phrases.
In many fairy tales, children are neglected by their parents.
Here the possessive adjective "their" modifies "parents" and the noun phrase "their parents" is the object of the preposition "by." Note that the possessive pronoun form "theirs" is not used to modify nouns or noun phrases.
The cat chased its ball down the stairs and into the backyard.
In this sentence, the possessive adjective "its" modifies "ball" and the noun phrase "its ball" is the object of the verb "chased." Note that "its" is the possessive adjective and "it's" is a contraction for "it is."

Estos determinantes sirven para indicar la posesión del nombre al que acompañan. En inglés, los determinantes posesivos son estos:
My-mi (+nombre masculino o femenino singular o plural)
Ej.: My brother is clever. (Mi hermano es listo).
My sister is tall. (Mi hermana es alta).
Your-Tu(+nombre masculino o femenino singular o plural)
Ej.: Your brother is clever. (Tu hermano es listo).
Your sister is tall. (Tu hermana es alta).
His-Su, de él(+nombre masculino o femenino singular o plural)
Ej.: His brother is clever. (Su hermano es listo).
His sister is tall (Su hermana es alta).
Her-Su, de ella(+nombre masculino o femenino singular o plural)
Ej.: Her brother is clever. (Su hermano es listo)
Her sister is tall (Su hermana es alta)
Its-Su, de ello, animal o cosa(+nombre masculino o femenino singular o plural)
Ej.: Its brother is big (Su hermano es grande).
Its sister is big (Su hermana es grande).
Our-Nuestro/a, nuestros/as(+nombre masculino o femenino singular o plural)
Ej.: Our brother is clever (Nuestro hermano es listo).
Our sister is tall (Nuestra hermana es alta).
Their-Su, de ellos (+nombre masculino o femenino singular o plural)
Ej.: Their brother is clever (Su hermano es listo).
Their sister is tall (Su hermana es alta).

Interrogative Adjectives
An interrogative adjective ("which" or "what") is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own (see also demonstrative adjectives and possessive adjectives):
Which plants should be watered twice a week?
Like other adjectives, "which" can be used to modify a noun or a noun phrase. In this example, "which" modifies "plants" and the noun phrase "which paints" is the subject of the compound verb "should be watered":
What book are you reading?
In this sentence, "what" modifies "book" and the noun phrase "what book" is the direct object of the compound verb "are reading."

Indefinite Adjectives
An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that it modifies a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, as in the following sentences:
Many people believe that corporations are under-taxed.
The indefinite adjective "many" modifies the noun "people" and the noun phrase "many people" is the subject of the sentence.
I will send you any mail that arrives after you have moved to Sudbury.
The indefinite adjective "any" modifies the noun "mail" and the noun phrase "any mail" is the direct object of the compound verb "will send."
They found a few goldfish floating belly up in the swan pound.
In this example the indefinite adjective modifies the noun "goldfish" and the noun phrase is the direct object of the verb "found":
The title of Kelly's favourite game is "All dogs go to heaven."
Here the indefinite pronoun "all" modifies "dogs" and the full title is a subject complement.

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 GRADOS DE ADJETIVOS

- comparativo de superioridad: faster than ... más rápido que ....
- comparativo de inferioridad: less fast than ... menos rápido que ....
- comparativo de igualdad: as fast as .... tan rápido como ...
3. El grado superlativo: the fastest ... el más rápido
Formación del comparativo y del superlativo:

Para formar el comparativo o superlativo aplicaremos diferentes reglas según los siguientes grupos:

1. Para adjetivos cortos o de una slaba:
- La comparación:
Para formar el comparativo añadimos al adjetivo la terminación -er:
Por ejemplo, al adjetivo fast (rpido) le añadimos -er: faster (más rpido)

Ejemplos:
A train is faster than a bicycle.(Un tren es más rápido que una bicicleta.)
The sea is larger than a lake. (El mar es más grande que un lago.)

- El superlativo:
Para formar el superlativo añadiremos al adjetivo -est, además el adjetivo irá precedido del artculo The.
Por ejemplo, al adjetivo old (viejo) le añadimos -est: the oldest (el ms viejo/mayor)

Ejemplos:
My father is the oldest. (Mi padre es el más mayor)
My house is the largest. (Mi casa es la más grande)

2. Para los adjetivos acabados en "y", "er", "le", "ow" de dos slabas:

- La comparación:
Para formar comparaciones se añade la terminacin -er.
Y si acaban en y, esta se sustituirá por la i latina.
Por ejemplo, el adjetivo easy (fácil) acabará con -ier: easier (más fácil)

Ejemplos:
This work is easier than yours (Este trabajo es más fácil que el tuyo.)
I'm cleverer than her (Soy más inteligente que ella.)
My car is slower than yours (Mi coche es más lento que el tuyo.)

- El superlativo:
Para formar el superlativo añadiremos -est.
Y si acaban en y, esta se sustituir por la i latina. Además siempre irá precedido por el artculo The. Por ejemplo el adjetivo ugly (feo) acabará con -iest: the ugliest (el más feo)

Ejemplos:
This man is the ugliest. (Este hombre es el más feo.)

3. Para adjetivos largos de dos o más sílabas

- La comparación:
Para formar comparaciones, el adjetivo irá precedido de la palabra more. Por ejemplo, el adjetivo modern (moderno) será more modern (más moderno)

Ejemplos:
This house is more modern. (Esta casa es más moderna.)

- El superlativo:
Para formar el superlativo, el adjetivo irá precedido por : The + most
El adjetivo beautiful (hermoso) será: The most beautiful (el más hermoso).

Ejemplos:
This woman is the most beautiful. (Esta mujer es la más hermosa).

Los adjetivos irregulares:

Son los adjetivos que tienen una sintaxis particular para comparaciones y superlativos:
adjetivo comparación superlativo
good better The best
bad worse The worst
far further-farther The furthet-farthest
old older / eldest oldest / eldest
many/much more most
little less least

Otros ejemplos:
I'm stronger. (Soy más fuerte.)
I'm stronger than you. (Soy más fuerte que tú.)
This car is more comfortable than yours. (Este coche es más cómodo que el tuyo.)
She's got the same dress than yours. (Tiene el mismo vestido que tú.)
You're as fast as him. ( Eres tan rápido como él.)
You're not as good as him! (¡No eres tan bueno como él!)
He's the richest man in the town. (Es el hombre más rico de la ciudad.)
She's the most beautiful actress I know. (Ella es la actriz más hermosa que conozco.)

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2. complete the text:
a.MY name is kmila and MY parents are very comprensive.
b.you are my friend but your brother is good looking
c. my sister is very tall and her soon is small.
d.my father is very angry and his brother is very happy.

3.adjectives comparatives superlatives
fast faster the fastest
slow slower the slowest
ungly unglier the ungliest
modern More modern the most modern
strong stronger the strongest
old older the oldest
bad worse the worst

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GrAcIaS....

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